含氟砌块是指一类含有氟元素的有机化合物,含有氟原子或含氟基团。由于氟原子电负性强、原子半径小和极化率低,含氟砌块通常具有独特的物理、化学和生理特性。
随着对有机氟化学研究的不断深入,近几年来已有大量的新型含氟砌块涌现,并已成功应用于各种含氟杂环化合物的合成。
含氟化合物在农药创制、新药研发、特殊功能材料等方面有着广阔的应用前景。
目前已开发的含氟农用化学品有伏草隆、氟乐灵、乙氧氟草醚等除草剂和氟蚜蝗、除虫脲、含氟拟除虫菊酯等杀虫剂.含氟农药具有活性高,毒性低等特点,含氟农药占到了全球农药品种的12%以上,尤以除草剂和杀虫剂所占的比例最高,其中五氟磺草胺近年来开发最热门的含氟除草剂。
含氟医药具有高效、低毒、易代谢等特点,目前世界上已商品化和正在开发的含氟药物有近百种,许多药物成为合成药物中非常重要的品种。常用于抗感染药物的开发中,如环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、莫西沙星、氧氟沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、加替沙星等。
除了在药物化学中具有许多应用外,氟化砌块也可用于材料化学,农业化学和一般有机化学。对于材料化学,最普遍的氟化砌块是聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),也称为Teflon,用于非克利涂层,润滑剂或碳纤维复合材料的生产。将氟引入除草剂和农药已导致大量的农用化学品,显示出对其非氟化对应物的改善的性能。
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